Sometimes we look at motivation backwards: We think there has to be an outcome or reward in order to motivate ourselves or others to act. This is not what science shows us.
One of the main experiments showing the natural motivation of chimpanzees to solve problems was done by Harry F. Harlow in 1949. In his experiment, Harlow presented eight rhesus monkeys with a mechanical problem-solving task that involved pulling a straight pin, unhooking a hook. , and he unwraps the cover. Remarkably, without any external incentives such as food, water, or direct instructions, the monkeys not only participated in the task but also performed very well. All eight monkeys completed the challenge within two weeks, and two-thirds did so in less than 60 seconds.
Impressed by these results, Harlow’s team introduced an external motivator in a second experiment, offering raisins as a reward for successfully completing the task. Contrary to expectations, this external motivation did not improve performance. Instead, it resulted in many errors and problems not being solved by monkeys. Rather than helping their performance, the food reward appeared to be a distraction.
Understanding motivation
These results were important in changing the understanding of motivation. Previously, motivation was understood mainly in terms of biological needs (such as hunger or thirst) and external rewards or punishments. Harlow’s experiments, however, showed that neither biological needs nor extrinsic rewards are the driving force behind monkey behavior. This led Harlow to propose a new theory of human behavior that focuses on intrinsic reward.
He suggested that motivation for problem solving is derived from an inherent interest in the task itself, independent of biological needs or external motivations. In many ways, this can be easily understood and observed by watching any young child play and learn. We all have a natural motivation to do what we love. Understanding this reframes the challenge. It’s not about being enthusiastic; it’s about avoiding discouragement.
Choice theory
Psychologists Edward L. Deci and Richard M. Ryan have extensively researched this topic. Their self-determination theory emphasizes the importance of intrinsic motivation and its role in promoting independence. Both internal and external motivation are important, it seems; however, intrinsic motivation often leads to deeper, more sustained effort and success.
As counselors, coaches, and parents, the learning here is that there is a natural motivation among those we guide. Our work, perhaps, becomes more about empowerment, creating space, and avoiding discouragement. In Daniel Pink’s fascinating book Callmotivation theory focuses primarily on the three Ts: time, task, and team, and is a dynamic way of understanding what drives us at work. Pink says that when people manage their time, they can work when they feel most productive and creative.
Job control allows people to engage in work that they find meaningful and challenging, which promotes a sense of purpose and competence. Finally, having a say in choosing their team gives people the power to collaborate with those who encourage them and perfect their skills. This independence of the three Ts creates an environment where motivation can flourish, leading to higher satisfaction and productivity.
Rediscover your motivation
There is an important lesson for all of us here about how we can regain our motivation in the things we love to do by recognizing and creating the necessary space.
Extrinsic rewards in life (such as an expected cash bonus for work completed) are often short-lived but are useful tools in spurring us into action. They come with a warning that motivation can become an internal obstacle if used incorrectly (for example, improperly withdrawn or reduced). With strong long-term motivation, intrinsic motivations are more powerful (such as focusing on the inherent enjoyment of the task at hand, accompanied perhaps by unexpected praise or recognition of a job well done). They tap into our natural inclination to seek new things and challenge in a natural, natural way.
In the worlds of sports and business, long-lasting motivation often comes from a place of deep personal meaning—a place where the pursuit of a goal is related to self-esteem, self-awareness, or the pursuit of important needs such as satisfaction. That important satisfaction sometimes comes from knowing that you gave it your all.
Nurturing that first tender flame with the independence and space it needs to grow, for us and those we teach, becomes a powerful center of action. By following this method, we can really get into something atomic.
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